Basic Business Concepts

Business: It is the act of manufacturing, producing or buying and selling of goods and services whose aim is to make profit. A product may be defined as the output which could be in terms of services or goods within the normal business transaction.Generally, the fundamental goal of business if to make profit through optimization of its costs and revenue. However, business organizations are the entities that are ideally driven by the profit motive. Non profit making organizations does not aim atmaking profit. 2. Every business activity involves various participants/stakeholders.They include producers/manufactures, distributors, consumers and legal entities (John, 2006). Producers/manufacturers make the goods and services for use in the business process. Consumers are involved in using the products that are manufactured and produced in business processes. Distributors create channels of goods and service transfers from the manufactures to the consumers. Legal entities/government create s the legal layout of conduct between the other three participants. Studying business in the today’s American society is ideally an important aspect that provides information on the aspects that ensure strong business functionality.It provides the most rational knowledge that would help to succeed in any business process. However, business process is affected by various aspects such as international forces of demand and supply, income of the consumers, government regulation, availability of raw material, and economic systems (John, 2006). 3. Economics is the study of fundamentals of incorporating the scarce resources in processes that yield the highest benefit to the community. There are various economic systems which include; Traditional economy is that characterized by techniques and models based on social foundations.It involves resource inheritance and brings a passive sense of togetherness and community. It has low technology and no competition. Command economy is that w hich is controlled and planned by the central government. It is shaped by the will of the government. The means of economic production are owed by the people. It can be found in Vietnam. Market economy is controlled by forces of demand and supply. Government rarely fixes the prices. Private corporations govern the control of distribution and exchange. Example is United Kingdom.Mixed economy compliments both market and command economy. There are both the hands of government and corporations. It is governed by high freedom in its activities. An example is in US (John, 2006). 4. Supply is the total amount of goods and services offered in the market by the produces. Demand id the total quantity of goods and services required for consumption in the market. Price is the single cost paid for a unit of goods or services. Competition refers to the interactive process between suppliers and consumers within the market to yield an equilibrium quantity and price.In America, the competitive natur e of the market ensures the interaction between the quantities of goods and services supplied and demanded to produce an equilibrium price and quantity for the supplies and demands levels (John, 2006). 5. There are four types of competitions. Perfect competition is where we have many suppliers and consumers who interact cohesively with one another to yield an equilibrium quantity and price. Example is the hotel industry. Monopoly competition is where there is one supplier against many consumers. He/she controls the pricing of the goods and services.Example is the development in new communication technology. Duopoly competition is the competition between two suppliers. It may include the development in mobile phone technology between two manufactures. Oligopoly competition is where there are few sellers and many buyers. It may include the market of electronics. 6. The government uses various attributes to measure the state of economic development. They include; Inflation: This is the subsequent increase in the price of commodities. GDP: It is the sum total of all goods and services produced within a country within one year.Unemployment: It is the relationship between the workforce that is willing and also able to work and is in the process of finding a job compared to the number that is absorbed in the employment industry. Consumer Price Index: This is relative changes in the prices of consumer goods within the economy. The rate of unemployment is relative to the level of GDP. Higher unemployment implies lower GDP. This is because, there are low levels of income earned by the household and consequently law levels of aggregate demand within the economy. Economic fluctuations are usually desirable in the economic functionality theory.This is ideally because such fluctuations are detrimental in clearing the various markets within the economy. The federal government in America performs the role of ensuring both strong fiscal and monetary policies which ensure a str ong economy (John, 2006). 7. Service economy is the economy endowed with product output that is governed by services rather than goods. In America, service economy refers to the economic domains implied by the supply and demand of services as product outputs. Reference John Robert (2006) Economic Theory: An Introduction. New York, Prentice Hall

What makes a true community

Catholicism and Community Presentation T: According to the secular definition of community; Is It a group of people living In the same area with particular characteristics In common. Within the community there Is a feeling of fellowship for others, common attributes, Interests and goals. Communities are everywhere and they have a big Impact when shaping who we are. That Is why It Is Important to surround oneself with communities that reflect and lead us to who we really are. In terms of Catholicism, as humans we are very social which is part of our vocation.Therefore a community in the Catholic view is defined by the following†¦ G: A community is a gathering of a group of people that come together in solidarity to shape the world through the common good. For example, around the world the Red Cross supplies areas suffering from various disasters with relief. This picture exemplifies the community of volunteers that have come together to do the common good of helping out the less fortunate. This group of people represent the visual aspect of community. Without everyone's contribution people stand In isolation and Individualism.Plus even through group members can come from different backgrounds they work and put their deliverables aside to become equal. That Is why everyone's role Is essential when working toward the common good. T: A community gives loyalty and respect to the commitment of the community and positive actions. The quote that we choose to represent this is â€Å"Loyalty has its roots in respects, and respect is the fruit of Love† by Paulo Cello. This quote means to us that loyalty comes from the respect of the community. So therefore when people are respectful they show this through love.When a community is respected and you omit your time to it; it is another way to show love towards it and when you do this ultimately with the right guidance the community will develop positively. G: A community helps, supports and loves one another to d evelop social aspects. Knowing that we are social beings it is important to strengthen our social qualities. A community will support and help each other through thick and thin. In result from all of these encounters with one another we are developing our social valuables. Just like In the picture with all of the people communicating and Interacting with one another.The more we help the more we will be able to love and comfort each other and feel belonging to our social surroundings. Which overall will help what our call to be social. T: A community develops values and receives true happiness from doing the right thing. Whether by exercising rights, opinions, or sharing knowledge to understand perspectives and concepts one must develop values to do the right thing. Our values and morals inspire us to do good and true happiness will follow our actions. Life can be considered like a ladder, at different rungs comes new experiences and new values are learned.When new values are learned and applied within the community or outside of it, a true sense of happiness follows from doing the right thing. And a key thing to remember Is that climbing a ladder can't be accomplished alone Instead with a community to hold and steady the ladder for you. G: A community grows together and develops ones Identity, Through displaying talents and surrounding yourself with positive people you will learn more about interests. A community will teach you more about yourself than you could ever. By being with similar people to you, over time you will be able to reveal you own identity.This is part of the spiritual aspect of community and how we develop our conscious. To represent self revelation we showed this through a mirrors and the community holding them up. From the help of others to self reveal the whole community benefits and grows. T: A community takes responsibility for each other's happiness. The people within a true community with the same values will take responsibility to ma ke sure that everyone is having a similar feeling and understanding to take away from the experience. Kids are always full of Joy and happiness, primarily when they re around a group of friends.They always look out for each other and pick each other up when they are done. Communities have the same responsibility as kids do for their group of friends. They have to look out for each other's happiness and take responsibility that everyone is happy. G: Community is very important too Catholic's life and they are everywhere and began right at the beginning with the creation story of the Earth and Adam and Eve. This includes their responsibility to have dominion of the Earth. Therefore our tree in the background of our collage represents the Garden of Eden.In fact, a tree acts as community too; every part of a tree from the bark, roots to leaves and fruit must function for the community-based structure to work properly. This sense of community is very similar to modern day communities and our need of relationships. T: In conclusion, a community is a group of people in solidarity to shape the world through the common good, it is given loyalty and respect to complete these positive actions, it develops us into social beings through support, we receive happiness and values from the good, by working together we reveal our true identity and responsibility is taken for others happiness.

Analysis Of The Article How America Can Free Itself Of...

The excessive use of oil in the United States has been a very controversial debate with American experts and scientists. In his article â€Å"How America Can Free Itself of Oil-Profitability,† Amory Lovins addresses the many different issues associated with excessive oil consumption and the risks versus the benefits. Amory Lovins is a physicist, environmental scientist, writer, and Chairman/Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute. He has written numerous research articles arguing for the use of renewable energy and alternatives for oil. Lovins also regularly gives presentations to other environmentalists discussing the pros and cons of oil consumption. It is clear that his target audience is the demographic of academics, scientists, and well-informed policy makers. In this article, Lovins is not arguing against the consumption of oil but is rather presenting a solution to the issue. This style of writing will attract academics, environmentalists, and even big corporat ions in the oil industry. It presents useful information that these people can use to their advantage. Amory Lovins talks about how rather than buying oil, America can focus its resources on displacing its own oil. Lovins begins his article by describing his sponsored plan to create an oil-free America. He insists that recent technology advancements can improve efficiency as well as cut oil spending by a large amount. In his article, Lovins continues to talk about different methods technology can be used toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Article How America Can Free Itself Of Oil Profitability1038 Words   |  5 PagesThe excessive use of oil in the United States has been a very controversial debate with American experts and scientists. In his article â€Å"How America Can Free Itself of Oil-Profitability,† Amory Lovins addresses the many different issues associated with excessive oil consumption and the risks versus the benefits. Amory Lovins is a physicist, environmental scientist, writer, and Chairman/Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute. He has written numero us research articles arguing for the use ofRead MoreOpec s Growth And Business1921 Words   |  8 PagesSynopsis OPEC was founded in 1960 with 5 counties and the goals to be a dependable oil market for themselves, and to stimulate economic growth in other countries. Leading up to the 1970’s OPEC’s growth and business was relatively unnoticed until an Iranian revolution and Arab oil embargo pushed oil prices to new levels. 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Due to their specific business and marketing model, namely, no middle-man and little-to-no mass scale marketing campaigns, Tesla has wholly-owned subsidiaries in North America, Europe and Asia. At present, there are more than 2000 employeesRead MoreOil in Venezuela3048 Words   |  13 PagesOIL IN VENEZUELA Venezuela s proven oil reserves are among the top ten in the world. Oil generates about 80 percent of the country’s total export revenue, contributes about half of the central government’s income, and is responsible for about one-third of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). Increases in world oil prices in recent years have allowed Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez to expand social program spending, bolster commercial ties with other countries, and boost his own internationalRead MorePepsico Strategy5600 Words   |  23 Pagesreference to its competitors and the industry average. 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All the cases, except one, have been specially written to link with a speciï ¬ c chapterRead MoreJet Blue Paper9528 Words   |  39 Pagesservicing 63 destinations in 21 states, including Puerto Rico, and eleven countries in the Caribbean and Latin America. The JetBlue’s goal from inception was to distinguish itself as a low-fare, low-cost passenger airline, offering high-quality customer service and a differentiated product. JetBlue focused on serving â€Å"underserved markets† and large metropolitan areas. JetBlue differentiated itself from the competition by starting its business with substantial capital, flying new planes, hiring the best

How Ikea Manages The Global Environment Essay - 1330 Words

Lesson MGT600 #2 Case Studies Ying Li International American University MGT 600: Organizational Theory Design David Johnson PhD July 10th, 2016 How IKEA Manages the Global Environment IKEA is the largest furniture chain in the world, and in 2011 the Swedish company operated over 270 stores in 25 countries. In 2011 IKEA sales soared to over $35 billion, or over 20% of the global furniture market. Most of its stuffs believed IKEA will massive growth throughout the world in the coming decade because IKEA could provide what customer wanted: good design, and good made contemporary furniture with an affordable price. In one word, IKEA’s global approach focuses on simplicity, attention to detail, cost consciousness, and responsiveness in every aspect of its operations and behavior. (Jones, 2013) IKEA’s Global approach focuses on the personal values and company’s belief, which is about how IKEA treat its employees and customers. Ingvar Kamprad, the founder of IKEA, tries to transfer his values and belief, which is operation in a no-frills, cost-conscious way to store managers and employees. And the most important is he wants that they are all in business â€Å"together†, by which he means that every person who works in his global empire plays an important role and has an duty to everyone else (Jones, 2013). Promotion, training, above-average pay, a generous store bonus system, and the personal well-being are good approach for a company which wants to enlarge theShow MoreRelatedIkea Essay777 Words   |  4 PagesList the various ways in which IKEA has managed its global environment over time. IKEA was founded by Ingvar Kamprad in 1943. Today IKEA is one of the largest furniture chains in the world with three hundred and fifteen stores operating in twenty seven countries. IKEA has managed its Global Environment in the three major ways which has contributed to its great success. These ways are as follows: 1. 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The company is the worlds largest furniture retailer. Founded in 1943 by 17-year-old Ingvar Kamprad in Sweden, the company is named as an acronym comprising the initials of the founders name (IngvarRead MoreGlobal Business Environment: Interview With IKEAs Senior International Manager1139 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: GLOBAL BUSINESS ENVORINMENT Global Business Environment Interview Introduction The business personal interviewed for this paper is Mr. Jeff Anderson, who has been in the international business for more than a decade. Mr. Jeff is the senior International manager at IKEA and is working with IKEA since last 10 years. He often visits different countries that have IKEA stores; and has been to Europe, Middle East, North America, Australia and United Kingdom. IKEA is recognized asRead MoreIkea Case Study Analysis1117 Words   |  5 PagesIKEA- Case Study Political Risk Is the possibility that an unexpected and drastic change due to political forces will result in adverse circumstances for business operations. * 1998 the Russian Monetary policy finally collapsed-This caused a MACRO POLITICAL RISK for all companies operating in Russia, including foreign companies. * Due to this INTERNAL THREAT, all foreign companies left the country. IKEA also faced a political risk in Russia in terms of ORGANISED CRIME: Although developingRead MoreIkea677 Words   |  3 PagesHow is the IKEA operations design different from that of most furniture retail operations? IKEA is known as one of the world’s largest furniture retailer that focuses highly on cost control, operational process and product development. 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In todays world, supply chain management (SCM) is a key strategic factor for increasing organizational effectiveness and for better realization of organizational goals such as enhanced competitiveness, better customer care and increased profitability. Today, most of the enterprises of a supply chain operate independently. For example, marketing, distribution, production planning, manufacturing, and the purchasing organizationsRead MoreSwot Analysis : Bcg Matrix1565 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscusses how stable the market in which the company performs its operations is. Risk of the industry, inflation, barriers to enter the market are being considered. The more stable one is the more favourable is for the company to operate in it. Once everything is evaluated and scored, average score is calculated resulting in a type of strategy for the company to follow: conservative, aggressive, defensive and competitive. 2.1 internal organisational Audit An organisational analysis which IKEA carried

Theu.s. Labor Struggles During The Gilded Age - 1649 Words

U.S. LABOUR STRUGGLES IN THE GILDED AGE Introduction In the United States history, the Gilded Age was the period in the late 19th century where the country experienced rapid economic growth. During this period, the U.S. became one of the leading industrial nations. It was able to build a powerful navy that dominated the world and acquired the enormous overseas empire. The Gilded Age was also a very important time in the labour history of the United States. It was a period of horrible labour violence between industrialists and workers who fought over various labour issues such as wages and control of the workplace. At this time, workers organised themselves to form the first and largest labour union of the time – the American Labour Union. Even after the workers formed this union, the employers were determined to end the union hence causing a lot of conflicts. One of the highlights of the labour struggles in the Gilded Age was the Pullman strike of 1893. This strike had dire consequences for both the workers and the employers. Ma ny were killed, others injured and the leaders of the union imprisoned for contempt of court. This paper shall look into some of the reasons why the workers found it difficult to achieve economic and political power and how their activism was limited. Ultimately, the strict control by capitalists and government limited the workers ability to fight successfully for better terms of employment. Consequences of the Pullman Strike The industrialists inShow MoreRelatedTheu.s. Labor Struggles During The Gilded Age1654 Words   |  7 Pages U.S. LABOUR STRUGGLES IN THE GILDED AGE Student`s name Course number Date Introduction In the United States history, the Gilded Age was the period in the late 19th century where the country experienced rapid economic growth. During this period, the U.S. became one of the leading industrial nations. It was able to build a powerful navy that dominated the world and acquired the enormous overseas empire. The Gilded Age was also a very important time in the labour history of the United States

Feudalism In France Essay Example For Students

Feudalism In France Essay FranceIntroductionFrance, which is the largest nationin Western Europe, is a presidential republic. France is a very importantnation in Europe and it continues to be involved in contemporary policyissues. Helping the world as one of the great trading nations, Franceis a very important trading partner with the United States. Not onlyis France important to the United States, they are also important to countriesall over the world. Their abundance of both mineral and agriculturalresources make them a very important supplier of products all over theworld. I chose to report on France because it is an interesting countyand I wanted to learn more about it. GeographyFrance is located in Western Europeand has an area of approximately 211,000 square miles. Along withbeing the capital, Paris is also the largest city in France. Spainborders France in the south, Italy and Switzerland in the east, and Germany,Luxembourg, and Belgium in the northeast. The French Alps are locatedin the east where snow capped peaks, such as Mont. Blanc reach heightsof 15,781 feet. About one-half of Frances total border is formedby coastline, with the Mediterranean Sea on the Southeast and the Atlanticand the English Channel on the west and northwest. Many rivers andcanals run through France forming a vast network, tying different regionsand cities together. The Seine is the countrys largest navigableriver. It flows northwest from eastern France through the city ofParis, and empties into the channel at Le Harre. The Rhone Riveris the largest in the country in terms of volume of discharge. Alongwith its tributaries, it drains the French Alpine region. AlthoughFran ce has many rivers, it only has a few lakes. One of the lakesin France is Lake Geneva (also known as Lake Leman), but in lies mainlyin Switzerland. France is richly endowed with anexcellent balance of both mineral and agricultural resources. Thenation produces substantial amounts of iron ore. In addition, Francehas sizable deposits of antimony magnesium, pyrites, tungsten, salt, potash,radioactive materials, lead and zinc. Coal mining has decreased significantlysince the 1960s, as many mines have been depleted and are now closed. Currently, the production of natural gas and sulfur is being developed. HistoryFrance has one of the most complete recordsof human history in all of Europe. Archaeologists have uncoveredartifacts that are more than 100,000 years old. During the 16th century, Protestantismspread across France leading to a number of religious and civil wars. The wars between the Protestants and the Roman Catholics resulted in themassacre of some 3,000 Protestants in Paris on the eve of St. BartholomewsDay in 1572. The statecraft of such royal advisers as the cardinalsRichelieu and Mazarin helped France in becoming the greatest power in Europeduring the 17th century. Unfortunately, defeats in a series of costlyforeign wars during the 18th century caused France to loose many of theiroverseas territories, and brought the country near bankruptcy. In1789 revolution toppled the King, Louis XVI, and proclaimed the rightsof man. The French Revolution took a bloody turn and ended in a weakgovernment of five directors. France soon fell into the hands ofNapoleon Bonaparte, who ruled from 1799-1814, first as consul, then asemperor. Napoleons far fetched military ventures ended in 1815 withhis downfall. A limited monarchy was restored and, with the exceptionof a brief republican period (1848-52), brought about the creation of theThird Republic. After WWI, a resistance movementknown as Free France was organized in Britain under the leadership of GeneralCharles de Gaulle. Allied and Free French forces liberated Francein 1944. Parliamentary democracy was restored to France under theFourth Republic. Another costly war against nationalist guerrillasin Algeria and other French colonies during the 1950s brought an end tothe Fourth Republic. In 1958, Gaulle returned as president of theFifth Republic. In 1981, France elected its first Socialist president,Francois Mitterand, who served 2 terms until 1995. Frances currentpresident, elected in 1995, is Jacques Chirac. .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d , .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d .postImageUrl , .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d , .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d:hover , .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d:visited , .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d:active { border:0!important; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d:active , .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u454158f8edba826c0f4699b27ac4474d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Socrates and Maintaining a Harmony What is Right a EssayPeopleOne of the things that make France sounique is the people that live there. Due to the current concernswith making money and being successful, more people are working in Francethan ever before. Great emphasis is being put on efficiency. Some say that France has been Americanized. This is because the UnitedStates is a world symbol of the technological society and its consumerproducts. Since the 1940s, the French populationhas been growing at a rapid rate. The most recent estimate of Francespopulation is 58,804,944 people. This averages out

Slavery Essays (558 words) - Slavery, Abuse, Crimes Against Humanity

Slavery The issue of slavery has been touched upon often in the course of history. The institution of slavery was addressed by French intellectuals during the Enlightenment. Later, during the French Revolution, the National Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man, which declared the equality of all men. Issues were raised concerning the application of this statement to the French colonies in the West Indies, which used slaves to work the land. As they had different interests in mind, the philosophes, slave owners, and political leaders took opposing views on the interpretation of universal equality. Many of the philosophes, the leaders of the Enlightenment, were against slavery. They held that all people had a natural dignity that should be recognized. Voltaire, an 18th century philosophe, pointed out that hundreds of thousands of slaves were sacrificing their lives just so the Europeans could quell their new taste for sugar, tea and cocoa. A similar view was taken by Rousseau, who stated that he could not bear to watch his fellow human beings be changed to beasts for the service of others. Religion entered into the equation when Diderot, author of the Encyclopedia, brought up the fact that the Christian religion was fundamentally opposed to Black slavery but employed it anyway in order to work the plantations that financed their countries. All in all, those influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment, equality, liberty, the right to dignity, tended to oppose the idea of slavery. Differing from the philosophes, the political leaders and property owners tended to see slavery as an element that supported the economy. These people believed that if slavery and the slave trade were to be abolished, the French would lose their colonies, commerce would collapse and as a result the merchant marine, agriculture and the arts would decline. Their worries were somewhat merited; by 1792 French ships were delivering up to 38,000 slaves and this trade brought in 200 million livres a year. These people had economic incentives to support slavery, however others were simply ignorant. One man, Raynal, said that white people were incapable of working in the hot sun and blacks were much better suited to toil and labor in the intense heat. Having a similar view to Raynal, one property owner stated that tearing the blacks from the only homes they knew was actually humane. Though they had to work without pay, this man said slave traders were doing the blacks a favor by placing them in the French colonies where they could live without fear for tomorrow. All of these people felt that the Declaration of the Rights of Man did not pertain to black people or their descendants. All people were not ignorant, however. There was even a group of people who held surprisingly modern views on slavery; views some people haven't even accepted today. In his Reflections on Black People, Olympe de Gouges wondered why blacks were enslaved. He said that the color of people's skin suggests only a slight difference. The beauty of nature lies in the fact that all is varied. Another man, Jacques Necker, told people that one day they would realize the error of their ways and notice that all people have the same capacity to think and suffer. The slavery issue was a topic of debate among the people of France. The views of the people, based on enlightenment, the welfare of the country or plain ignorance were tossed around for several more years until the issue was finally resolved. In the end the philosophes, with their liberated ideas, won out and slavery was abolished.